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Intrinsic factors in helper T-cells lineage choice
Andreyeva, Arina ; Neuwirth, Aleš (advisor) ; Chmelař, Jindřich (referee)
The process of clonal expansion of T lymphocytes, or T cells, belongs to the basic characteristics of adaptive immunity. A fundamental role in the immune response is played by the CD4+ T cells which are capable of evolving into the different subtypes (for example Th1 or Tfh) that help other types of cells to effectively eliminate pathogens. Each particular subtype activates different arms of the immune system for the most effective clearance of a particular pathogen. The way how the pathogen will be eliminated depends on the type of infection. This thesis aims to analyze relevant literature and known facts about factors that influence functional T-cell differentiation. This thesis will be mainly focused on the question of how much the T-cell receptor's structure or antigen affinity plays a role in this decision- making process. Another point of interest is the capability of T cells from one clone to produce different T helper cell subtypes, or they are preferentially biased towards a single differentiation pathway. Key words: adaptive immunity, CD4+ T cells, TCR, infections, differentiation
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Complex Evaluation of Immune Defects in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Vodárek, Pavel ; Belada, David (advisor) ; Doubek, Michael (referee) ; Papajík, Tomáš (referee)
Complex evaluation of immune defects in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia MUDr. Pavel Vodárek Abstract of dissertation thesis Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is associated with significant combined immunodeficiency. Amongst most important immune defects are hypogammaglobulinemia and changes in relative and absolute counts of different lymphocyte populations and subsets. As consequence of these changes, there can be higher frequency of infections and progression of CLL itself. The impact of chemoimmunotherapy (CIT) on immunoglobulin (Ig) levels and lymphocyte populations has not been extensively studied. In this dissertation thesis, we analysed Ig levels and lymphocyte populations (using flow cytometry) in 45 patients with indolent untreated CLL and 90 patients with progressive disease indicated for treatment. In 58 patients, we evaluated the impact of first-line CIT. For lymphocyte populations' analysis, we had also cohort of 34 healthy controls. Patients with progressive disease had significantly lower levels of all Ig classes and subclasses than patients with inactive disease: IgG, median 6.96 vs. 9.86 g/l, p=0.0001; IgA, median 0.63 vs. 1.53 g/l, p<0.0001; IgM, median 0.36 vs. 0.57 g/l, p=0.0035. After treatment, median IgA increased from 0.59 g/l to 0.74 g/l (p=0.0031). Other Ig classes and...
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Monogenic susceptibility to infectious pathogens
Bloomfield, Markéta ; Šedivá, Anna (advisor) ; Koziar Vašáková, Martina (referee) ; Litzman, Jiří (referee)
(ENG) The modern approach to studies of monogenic inborn errors of immunity, driven by unprecedented advances of genetic tools, opens vast undiscovered areas of immune system components and functions. In particular, the diseases with striking clinical phenotypes with normal or near normal baseline immunophenotype, such as disorders of innate and intrinsic immunity with susceptibility to single pathogen, provide a unique window into the host-pathogen interactions. This thesis covers various novel aspects of immunopathology, genetics and clinical facets behind some such diseases, namely chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis due to hypermorphic (gain-of-function, GOF) STAT1 mutations, which hamper Th17-associated immune activities, and Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases (MSMD) due to impairment of IL-12, IL-23/IFNγ signalling pathway. Moreover, it contributes to the mounting evidence that IL- 6 signalling is non-redundant in anti-staphylococcal immunity. Finally, it explores the novel Paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS- TS) as a single pathogen-driven life-threatening immunopathology, which most likely develops due to individual, yet unknown, genetic predisposition. The findings presented in this thesis were in several cases translated...
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Nurse's knowlege how to care for peripheral or central catheter
Fialová, Denisa ; Tomová, Šárka (advisor) ; Nikodemová, Hana (referee)
One of the basic skills of nursing staff is the knowledge of how to care for venous catheters. It is one of the important aspects of the care process. The aim of this work was to compare two different treatment units. III. Chirurgickou kliniku 1 LF UK a FN Motol and Interní kliniku 2 LF UK a FN Motol. The research was planned at I. Chirurgická klinika 2. LF UK a FN Motol, but I didn't receive an answer with an agreement. The next goal was to compare which clinic has a richer experience. To find out, whether the intensive care unit has higher quality care compared to the standard unit. The theoretical part describes different options for how a venous catheter gets inserted. There are introduced kinds of venous catheters, that are available nowadays. They have also mentioned their benefits for patients. Venous catheters may be divided based on the duration they can remain in the human body. In this chapter, there are described convenient locations for inserting, indications, contraindications, and correct techniques of how to care for the venous catheters. In the empirical part, there is the research of my own design included. It contains graphs and tabular protocol with results. The questionnaires were distributed among employers of mentioned clinics. The results of this research point out that...
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Prevention of nosocomial infections origin and spreading in Český Krumlov a.s. hospital
KOCOURKOVÁ, Lenka
The present Bachelor thesis focuses primarily on the prevention of occurrence of hospital-acquired infections and the causes of spread of these infections across healthcare facilities. The thesis relies on active communication with the coordinator for management of quality and safety of nursing care, who helpfully provided me with valid information and documents relating to the system of hospital-acquired infection prevention, and arranged for sampling for microbiological examinations in postoperative care departments (ONP) - ONP II and ONP - C III, the hospital Nemocnice Český Krumlov a.s. The Bachelor thesis consists of a theoretical part and a practical part. The theoretical part summarizes knowledge related to nosocomial infections as such, the division and manner of transmission, with an emphasis of prevention of occurrence of these infections and spread of the same among "healthy hospitalized persons." The practical part explores the hospital's approved internal documents aimed at prevention of nosocomial infections and training of staff in the healthcare facility. Moreover, the practical part also verifies the prevention of nosocomial infections by means of microbiological tests. The entire research was carried out in cooperation with two hospitals: Nemocnice Český Krumlov a.s., i.e. the location of sampling, and Nemocnice a.s. Prachatice, the location of microbiological processing. The laboratory-based research part was solved in a microbiology laboratory in the hospital Nemocnice Prachatice a.s., with the aim of identifying the individual microorganisms from the smears taken in the postoperative care department in the hospital in Český Krumlov. These smears reflect the quality of the performed hygiene in connection with the risk of occurrence of nosocomial infections. In addition to laboratory-based research activities, the present thesis also examines the current quality and processing of the hospital's internal documents relating to the prevention of nosocomial infections and the training schedule for the hospital's staff in this respect - trainings are conducted on an annual basis. The thesis is concluded by a summary of isolated microorganisms and comparison of these microorganisms in the framework of the two hospital departments. Last but not least, the presence of highly infectious agents for occurrence of nosocomial infections is excluded on the basis of valid legislation. The thesis also provides a result of qualitative processing in a form of recommendations e.g. for improvement of purpose-directed cleaning. The thesis may therefore be used as a tool for improving awareness of this problem area.
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Concept cancer transition in the context of selected theoretical approaches related to the process of morbidity and mortality in recent decades: Case study for Czechia
Knížová, Karolína ; Hulíková Tesárková, Klára (advisor) ; Kulhánová, Ivana (referee)
Concept cancer transition in the context of selected theoretical approaches related to the process of morbidity and mortality in recent decades: Case study for Czechia Abstract The aim of the diploma thesis is to introduce the cancer transition concept and to contextualize it in relation to other theoretical concepts that concentrate on change in the structure of mortality by causes of death. Furthermore, in the context of cancer transition, the current state of mortality of neoplasms is illustrated reflecting its connection to infection in the population of Czechia, and its development is covered over the 1994-2018 period. The concept of cancer transition is based on the idea that as the society develops, the proportion of deaths by infection-related neoplasms decreases and the proportion of deaths caused by non-infection-related neoplasms increases. The concept thus essentially follows Omran's theory of the epidemiological transition. However, the concept of cancer transition has, so far, been theoretically used only to a relatively limited extend in literature and has usually been described rather indirectly. In this work, it is presented as a separate theoretical concept dealing with the change in the structure of mortality in terms of causes of death and its connection to existing concepts related to...
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The importance of the nutritional score in patients with the introduced PICC or Midline catheter
Pavelková, Kateřina ; Tomová, Šárka (advisor) ; Bratová, Andrea (referee)
The bachelor's thesis: "The Significance of Nutrition Score in the patients with the insertion of PICC and Midline Catheter," evaluates the impact of the nutrition status on the presence of complication in the selected venous devices - various types of Midline catheter and PICC. The presentation is divided into theoretical and empirical parts. In the theoretical part some basic information related to nutritional status and its assessment, malnutrition, nutrition screening, PICC and Midline catheter - indications and contraindications, introduction, complications and management is presented. The role of PICC team in the field of vascular access is mentionned. Data for the empirical part was collected at Medical department of the 2nd Faculty of Medicine of Charles University and Faculty hospital Motol in Prague, Czech Republic. The empirical part contains research methodology, the basic characteristics, the organisation of the investigation and data processing. A total of 206 patients participated in the follow-up, ranging in age from 26 to 98 years, mean age 72 ± 13.2 years and median 74 years. A quantitative exploratory method of a questionnaire survey was chosen for the bachelor's thesis. The above mentionned method monitors all variables that are sorted and measurable. Data related to the...
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Sexually transmitted Infections in Prague: Socio-epidemiological analysis
Sekera, Jan Carlos ; Dzúrová, Dagmar (advisor) ; Jágrová, Zdeňka (referee)
This thesis is focused on a situation of sexually transmitted infections in Prague (and in The Czech Republic shallowly) and analyzes this issue relatively to the social epidemiology. The thesis tries to identify the most vulnerable groups of a population. These groups contain homosexual men, individuals having unprotected sex and promiscuous people. Further more, the thesis tries to identify a relation between a high-risk factor and an exposition of a particular infection. For example, it was found out that sexual related risks are mostly determinated by a sexual behavior and a region where the individuals come from. Also, men are more vulnerable group of people than women according to findings of this thesis. A gonorrhoea infection is the most reported sexually transmitted infection in Prague (59,1 % of all cases). Syphilis is the second most common infection of this kind. The highest prevalence of sexually transmitted infections was reported for people with (finished or unfinished) basic education. This group of people represents 14,3 % of all reported cases. Its prevalence is 67,7 patients per ten thousand individuals. A group of people aged 20 - 29 years is another group with high prevalence. Further identification of a sexual behavior in The Czech Republic was one of the main goals of this...
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Access of workers to prevent transmission of infection in health care facilities.
KUNÍKOVÁ, Barbora
This bachelor thesis deals with the issue of access of health-care workers to the prevention of communicable diseases in the health care facility. The goal of our thesis was to find out the knowledge and skills of the lower medical staff and cleaners. To determine whether healthcare workers and cleaners are trying to keep precautionary measures and also to map out the errors that occur. To fulfill the goals we have used the help of the two following questions. What is the frequency of violations of these policies? What are the staff errors while adhering to the principles to prevent infection? For the execution of the research survey we have chosen the qualitative approach with hidden observation. The research sample consisted of 15 observed staff of lower health workers, of whom 2 were men and 13 were women. Another 7 probands were cleaning staff, they were women. Results of the research survey have shown that the knowledge and skills in the area of prevention of infections obtained by staying in a health facility are deficient in the chosen research sample. Furthermore, the research survey has revealed that there is poor prevention in the health care facility as part of the clearing. Our research survey opens a space for deeper surveys aimed at health literacy of lower health care personnel and cleaning staff.
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Comparison of the Vascular Access Care in the Intensive Care Unit and Standart Departement
Vašková, Marcela ; Tomanová, Alena (advisor) ; Petrášková, Hana (referee)
Abstaract(thesis) In my thesis, I decided to take the issue of treatment of vascular input in surgical department and surgical intensive care units. This nursing problem can be found practically on every inpatient department and each nurse meets with vascular access dutiny her career. The work is divided into theoretical part and empirical part. The first theoretical part deals with the history of vascular input, a list of basic vascular entries and the educational process. Of the vascular inputs, the work focuses especially on central venous catheter and peripheral venous catheter. The second empirical part focuses on the evaluation of collected data and their statistical analysis. Before the research 4 hypotheses were provided. These hypothesis were confirmed by statistical evaluation of questionnaires. The questionnaires were filled in by sisters from the surgical department and intensive care units. At the end of the thesis is work evaluation. Keywords Vascular access, peripheral venous cannula, central venous cannula, nursing, dressing, asepsis, infections, nurse, patient
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